Low Cost Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Highly Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment at MyMedOpinion Affiliated Top Cancer Hospitals in India | Low Cost Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Robotic Surgery for Prostate Cancer: A newer approach is to do the laparoscopic surgery using a robotic interface (called the da Vinci system), which is known as robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP). The surgeon sits at a panel near the operating table and controls robotic arms to do the operation through several small incisions in the patient’s abdomen. Like direct LRP, RALRP has advantages over the open approach in terms of pain, blood loss, and recovery time. So far though, there seems to be little difference between robotic and direct LRP for the patient. Read More...

HIFU Treatment for Prostate Cancer: HIFU is a treatment designed to treat localized prostate cancer using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). A rectal probe generates high intensity ultrasound waves which travel through the rectal wall and are focused in the prostate. This focusing produces intense heat and provokes the destruction of the tissue inside the targeted zone with minimal effect to surrounding tissues. The treatment typically takes 3 hours to perform, usually under a under general aesthetic. The technique is very new in the field of prostate cancer treatments and is still under research with little long term data to verify its effectiveness, However, for some patients especially with recurrent localised prostate cancer following radiotherapy it may offer use second line option.. Read More...

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using a resectoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a cutting tool) inserted through the urethra. This procedure is sometimes done to relieve symptoms caused by a tumor before other cancer treatment is given. Transurethral resection of the prostate may also be done in men who cannot have a radical prostatectomy because of age or illness. TURP is a type of transurethral surgery that does not involve an external incision. The surgeon reaches the prostate by inserting an instrument through the urethra. In addition to TURP, two other types of transurethral surgery are commonly performed, transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) Read More...

Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there are cases of aggressive prostate cancers. The cancer cells may metastasize (spread) from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, problems during sexual intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms can potentially develop during later stages of the disease.

Early prostate cancer is usually discovered during a routine digital rectal examination (DRE).

Symptoms are often similar to those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Men observing the following signs and/or symptoms should see their physician for a thorough examination:

• Blood in urine or semen

• Frequent urination, especially at night

• Inability to urinate

• Nagging pain or stiffness in the back, hips, upper thighs, or pelvis

• Painful ejaculation

• Pain or burning during urination (dysuria)

Most Advanced Technology for Prostate Cancer Treatment - Low Cost Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for early stage prostate cancer. doctor may remove the whole prostate or only part of it. In some cases, doctor can use a method known as nerve-sparing surgery. This type of surgery may save the nerves that control erection. But if you have a large tumor or a tumor that is very close to the nerves, you may not be able to have this surgery.

Type of Prostate cancer surgery

Radical retropubic prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate and nearby lymph nodes through an incision (cut) in the abdomen.

Radical perineal prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate through a cut between the scrotum and the anus. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed through a separate cut in the abdomen.

Radical perineal prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate through a cut between the scrotum and the anus. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed through a separate cut in the abdomen.

Laparoscopic prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate and nearby lymph nodes through small incisions, rather than a single long cut in the abdomen. A thin, lighted tube (a laparoscope) is used to help remove the prostate.

Cryosurgery: This type of surgery for prostate cancer is under study at some medical centers.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy: This is routinely done during prostatectomy. The doctor removes lymph nodes in the pelvis to see if cancer has spread to them. If there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes, the disease may have spread to other parts of the body. In this case, the doctor may suggest other types of treatment.

• External Beam Radiotherapy : This is a treatment where high-energy X-rays are aimed at a cancer to cure or control it. The X-rays come from a machine called a linear accelerator. This is known as external beam radiotherapy.

• Radiotherapy : Radiotherapy uses high energy waves to treat cancer. If your cancer has not spread beyond the prostate gland you can have radiotherapy to try to cure it. This is called radical radiotherapy. This type of treatment involves giving a high dose of radiation to the prostate gland.

• Hormone therapy : Cancer of the prostate depends on the male hormone testosterone for its growth. By reducing the amount of testosterone in your body, the growth of cancer cells can be slowed down or stopped. It can shrink the tumour and urinary symptoms can often disappear fully.

• Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to cure or control cancer. Chemotherapy may be used if your cancer has spread beyond the prostate and is no longer controlled by hormone therapy. In some cases, chemotherapy will improve your quality of life with better control of your symptoms.

Highly Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment at MyMedOpinion Affiliated Top Cancer Hospitals in India | Low Cost Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in a man’s prostate-a walnut-sized exocrine gland in the male reproductive tract that makes seminal fluid which performs the function of protecting, supporting, and transporting the sperm. The prostate gland also plays an important role in urine control.

Prostate cancer is a relatively slow-growing cancer as in early stage. Prostate cancer grows slowly and remains confined to the prostate gland and causes no serious harm and if not detected early it becomes aggressive and can spread quickly to lymph nodes, in other parts of the body or bones.

Prostate Cancer: Symptoms

As prostate cancer is asymptomatic, it is usually diagnosed in a later stage. Below are sign and symptoms of prostate cancer: -

·       Frequent need to urinate

·       Weak or interrupted urinary stream (urine flow)

·       Blood in the urine or semen

·       The urge to urinate frequently at night

·       Blood in the seminal fluid

·       Pain or burning during urination (Dysuria)

How Prostate Cancer is Diagnosed?

PDigital rectal exam (DRE): The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: A test that measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a substance made by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. PSA levels may also be high in men who have an infection or inflammation of the prostate or BPH (an enlarged, but noncancerous, prostate).

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)- This is carried out by inserting a probe into the rectum that gives a clear picture of the prostate using sound waves that bounce off the prostate. This procedure is usually done during a biopsy procedure.

Biopsy :The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist will examine the biopsy sample to check for cancer cells and determine the Gleason score. The Gleason score ranges from 2-10 and describes how likely it is that a tumor will spread. The lower the number, the less likely the tumor is to spread. There are 2 types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose prostate cancer:

Transrectal biopsy: The removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the rectum and into the prostate. This procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide the needle.

Transperineal biopsy: The removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate.

If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the other tests( e.g Radionuclide bone scan, MRI. Pelvic lymphadenectomy, Seminal vesicle biopsy) are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the prostate or to other parts of the body.

Bone Scans and X-rays– It is done to monitor cancer that started in the bones or that has spread to the bones from another part of the body.
Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans –It is done to measure the tumor’s size and to pinpoint the location of cancer that has spread beyond the prostate.

Treatment Options for Prostrate Cancer

Radical (Open) Prostatectomy Surgery-

A radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of entire prostate and the nearby lymph nodes. This procedure is performed by an incision through the lower belly or by key hole techniques (‘laparoscopic’ or ‘endoscopic’ or ‘robotic’) and a catheter (a narrow rubber tube) is put in the bladder to carry urine out of the body until the area heals.

Minimally Invasive Laser Prostate Surgery for Prostate Cancer Green Light Laser PVP:

Green Light Laser Therapy is a minimally invasive treatment option that combines the effectiveness of the traditional surgical procedure known as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The GreenLight laser system delivers the ultimate BPH solution GreenLight is suitable for most patients with an enlarged prostate, the GreenLight procedure is creating a new standard of care — a standard that offers freedom from enlarged prostate / Prostate cancer symptoms .Most patients return home a few short hours after the GreenLight procedure and can return to normal, non-strenuous activities within days. The advantages of this approach over the traditional TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) are many: Rapid urine flow improvement,Quick return to normal activities ,Virtually bloodless procedure , Outpatient procedure in otherwise healthy patients.

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which several small incisions are made in the abdomen. A laparoscope and other operating instruments are inserted through these incisions to remove the prostate.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: This newer procedure uses robotic equipment to assist the surgeon in removing the prostate. There is little difference in the outcome for open or laparoscopic surgical methods. The results depend on the skill and experience of the surgeon rather than the type of surgery.

Radiotherapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. Radiation may be used for prostate cancer: as the primary treatment to destroy cancer cells, after surgery to destroy cancer cells left behind and to reduce the risk of the cancer recurring (adjuvant radiation therapy), after surgery if the cancer comes back around the area where the prostate gland was (salvage radiation therapy), to relieve pain or to control the symptoms of advanced prostate cancer (palliative radiation therapy)

Highly Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment at MyMedOpinion Affiliated Top Cancer Hospitals in India | Low Cost Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Robotic Surgery for Prostate Cancer: A newer approach is to do the laparoscopic surgery using a robotic interface (called the da Vinci system), which is known as robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP). The surgeon sits at a panel near the operating table and controls robotic arms to do the operation through several small incisions in the patient’s abdomen. Like direct LRP, RALRP has advantages over the open approach in terms of pain, blood loss, and recovery time. So far though, there seems to be little difference between robotic and direct LRP for the patient. Read More...

HIFU Treatment for Prostate Cancer: HIFU is a treatment designed to treat localized prostate cancer using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). A rectal probe generates high intensity ultrasound waves which travel through the rectal wall and are focused in the prostate. This focusing produces intense heat and provokes the destruction of the tissue inside the targeted zone with minimal effect to surrounding tissues. The treatment typically takes 3 hours to perform, usually under a under general aesthetic. The technique is very new in the field of prostate cancer treatments and is still under research with little long term data to verify its effectiveness, However, for some patients especially with recurrent localised prostate cancer following radiotherapy it may offer use second line option.. Read More...

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using a resectoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a cutting tool) inserted through the urethra. This procedure is sometimes done to relieve symptoms caused by a tumor before other cancer treatment is given. Transurethral resection of the prostate may also be done in men who cannot have a radical prostatectomy because of age or illness. TURP is a type of transurethral surgery that does not involve an external incision. The surgeon reaches the prostate by inserting an instrument through the urethra. In addition to TURP, two other types of transurethral surgery are commonly performed, transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) Read More...

Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there are cases of aggressive prostate cancers. The cancer cells may metastasize (spread) from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, problems during sexual intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms can potentially develop during later stages of the disease.

Early prostate cancer is usually discovered during a routine digital rectal examination (DRE).

Symptoms are often similar to those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Men observing the following signs and/or symptoms should see their physician for a thorough examination:

• Blood in urine or semen

• Frequent urination, especially at night

• Inability to urinate

• Nagging pain or stiffness in the back, hips, upper thighs, or pelvis

• Painful ejaculation

• Pain or burning during urination (dysuria)

Stages Of Prostate Cancer

Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo a transformation in which they grow and multiply without any control. There are four stages of prostate cancer:

•Stage I - In stage I, cancer is found in the prostate only. It is usually found accidentally during surgery for other reasons, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia.

•Stage II- In stage II, cancer is more advanced than in stage I, but has not spread outside the prostate.

•Stage III- In stage III, cancer has spread beyond the outer layer of the prostate to nearby tissues. Cancer may be found in the seminal vesicles.

•Stage IV- In stage IV, cancer has metastasized (spread) to lymph nodes near or far from the prostate or to other parts of the body, such as the bladder, rectum, bones, liver, or lungs. Metastatic prostate cancer often spreads to the bones.

Prostate cancer is diagnosed?

Digital rectal exam (DRE) : The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test:A test that measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a substance made by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. PSA levels may also be high in men who have an infection or inflammation of the prostate or BPH (an enlarged, but noncancerous, prostate).

Transrectal ultrasound : A procedure in which a probe that is about the size of a finger is inserted into the rectum to check the prostate. The probe is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. Transrectal ultrasound may be used during a biopsy procedure.

Biopsy :The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist will examine the biopsy sample to check for cancer cells and determine the Gleason score. The Gleason score ranges from 2-10 and describes how likely it is that a tumor will spread. The lower the number, the less likely the tumor is to spread.

There are 2 types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose prostate cancer:

Transrectal biopsy: The removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the rectum and into the prostate. This procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide the needle.

Transperineal biopsy: The removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate.

If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the other tests( e.g Radionuclide bone scan, MRI. Pelvic lymphadenectomy, Seminal vesicle biopsy) are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the prostate or to other parts of the body.

Most Advanced Technology for Prostate Cancer Treatment - Low Cost Prostate Cancer Treatment in India

Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for early stage prostate cancer. doctor may remove the whole prostate or only part of it. In some cases, doctor can use a method known as nerve-sparing surgery. This type of surgery may save the nerves that control erection. But if you have a large tumor or a tumor that is very close to the nerves, you may not be able to have this surgery.

Type of Prostate cancer surgery

Radical retropubic prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate and nearby lymph nodes through an incision (cut) in the abdomen.

Radical perineal prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate through a cut between the scrotum and the anus. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed through a separate cut in the abdomen.

Radical perineal prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate through a cut between the scrotum and the anus. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed through a separate cut in the abdomen.

Laparoscopic prostatectomy: The doctor removes the entire prostate and nearby lymph nodes through small incisions, rather than a single long cut in the abdomen. A thin, lighted tube (a laparoscope) is used to help remove the prostate.

Cryosurgery: This type of surgery for prostate cancer is under study at some medical centers.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy: This is routinely done during prostatectomy. The doctor removes lymph nodes in the pelvis to see if cancer has spread to them. If there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes, the disease may have spread to other parts of the body. In this case, the doctor may suggest other types of treatment.

• External Beam Radiotherapy : This is a treatment where high-energy X-rays are aimed at a cancer to cure or control it. The X-rays come from a machine called a linear accelerator. This is known as external beam radiotherapy.

• Radiotherapy : Radiotherapy uses high energy waves to treat cancer. If your cancer has not spread beyond the prostate gland you can have radiotherapy to try to cure it. This is called radical radiotherapy. This type of treatment involves giving a high dose of radiation to the prostate gland.

• Hormone therapy : Cancer of the prostate depends on the male hormone testosterone for its growth. By reducing the amount of testosterone in your body, the growth of cancer cells can be slowed down or stopped. It can shrink the tumour and urinary symptoms can often disappear fully.

• Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to cure or control cancer. Chemotherapy may be used if your cancer has spread beyond the prostate and is no longer controlled by hormone therapy. In some cases, chemotherapy will improve your quality of life with better control of your symptoms.

Most Advanced Laser Lithotripsy Surgery at World Best Hospitals in India

What are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones are also known as calculi (plural), or calculus (singular). When it is in the kidney, it is a renal calculus. The tube draining the kidney to the bladder is the ureter, and a stone in the ureter is a urethral calculus. Passing a stone is usually very painful. However, many patients can pass a stone with only a "muscle ache" sensation in the back, and they may not be aware the pain was from a stone until it "pops out."

What are the Symptoms of Kidney Stone?

A kidney stone may or may not cause signs and symptoms until it has moved into the ureter — the tube connecting the kidney and bladder. At that point, these signs and symptoms may occur:

• Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs

• Pain that spreads to the lower abdomen and groin

• Pain on urination

• Pink, red or brown urine

• Nausea and vomiting

• Persistent urge to urinate

• Fever and chills if an infection is present

Kidney Stones removal Laser Lithotripsy Surgery in India

Laser lithotripsy

Laser lithotripsy is a procedure to treat kidney stones. It uses a laser to break the stones into very small pieces. These pieces can be removed during the procedure. Or they may pass out of the body in the urine. You may be awake for the procedure. Or you may have medicine to make you sleep. Either way, you will not feel pain. The doctor may use an X-ray to find the stone.

First, the doctor puts a thin viewing scope with small tools, a camera, and a laser into your urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from your bladder to the outside of your body. Then the doctor moves the scope and tools through your urethra and bladder into your ureter. Ureters are the tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. If needed, your doctor moves the scope into your kidney.

If the stone is large or is in your kidney, your doctor may need to make a small cut (incision) in your back and put a hollow tube into your kidney. In this case, the doctor uses the laser to break up the stone. Then he or she removes the pieces of the stone through the hollow tube.

Your doctor may also place a small, flexible tube inside one of your ureters. This tube is called a stent. It helps the pieces of the stone pass through your body. If you get a stent, your doctor will usually remove it in a few weeks.Most people are able to go home the same day of the procedure.

Advantages for Laser Lithotripsy

• Non-invasive, does not require surgery

• Immediate relief of symptoms

• No blood loss

• Faster recovery and shorter hospital stay

• Lesser chances of infection

Most Advanced Male Urinary Incontinence Treatment at World Best Hospitals in India

What is urinary incontinence in men?

Urinary incontinence is the accidental leaking of urine. It's not a disease. It's a symptom of a problem with a man's urinary tract . Urine is made by the kidneys and stored in a sac made of muscle, called the urinary bladder . A tube called the urethra leads from the bladder through the prostate and penis to the outside of the body. Around this tube is a ring of muscles called the urinary sphincter. As the bladder fills with urine, nerve signals tell the sphincter to stay squeezed shut while the bladder stays relaxed. The nerves and muscles work together to prevent urine from leaking out of the body.

When you have to urinate, the nerve signals tell the muscles in the walls of the bladder to squeeze. This forces urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. At the same time the bladder squeezes, the urethra relaxes. This allows urine to pass through the urethra and out of the body.

Incontinence can happen for many reasons:

• If your bladder squeezes at the wrong time, or if it squeezes too hard, urine may leak out.

• If the muscles around the urethra are damaged or weak, urine can leak out even if you don't have a problem with your bladder squeezing at the wrong time.

• If your bladder doesn't empty when it should, you are left with too much urine in the bladder. If the bladder gets too full, urine will leak out when you don't want it to.

• If something is blocking your urethra, urine can build up in the bladder. This can cause leaking.

Urinary incontinence happens more often in older men than in young men. But it's not just a normal part of aging.

What are the types and symptoms of urinary incontinence?

Urinary incontinence can be short-term or long-lasting (chronic). Short-term incontinence is often caused by other health problems or treatments. This topic is about the different types of chronic urinary incontinence:

• Stress incontinence means that you leak urine when you sneeze, cough, laugh, lift something, change position, or do something that puts stress or strain on your bladder.

• Urge incontinence is an urge to urinate that's so strong that you can't make it to the toilet in time. It also happens when your bladder squeezes when it shouldn't. This can happen even when you have only a small amount of urine in your bladder. Overactive bladder is a kind of urge incontinence. But not everyone with an overactive bladder leaks urine.

• Overflow incontinence means that you have the urge to urinate, but you can release only a small amount. Since your bladder doesn't empty as it should, it then leaks urine later.

• Total incontinence means that you are always leaking urine. It happens when the sphincter muscle no longer works.

• Functional incontinence means that you can't make it to the bathroom in time to urinate. This is usually because something got in your way or you were not able to walk there on your own.

What causes urinary incontinence in men?

Different types of incontinence have different causes.

• Stress incontinence can happen when the prostate gland is removed. If there has been damage to the nerves or to the sphincter, the lower part of the bladder may not have enough support. Keeping urine in the bladder is then up to the sphincter alone.

• Urge incontinence is caused by bladder muscles that squeeze so hard that the sphincter can't hold back the urine. This causes a very strong urge to urinate.

• Overflow incontinence can be caused by something blocking the urethra, which leads to urine building up in the bladder. This is often caused by an enlarged prostate gland or a narrow urethra. It may also happen because of weak bladder muscles.

Kidney Stones removal Laser Lithotripsy Surgery in India

Urinary inconsistency condition in male can be diagnosed using several methods.

• Digital rectal examination is done to check for the enlargement of the prostate.

• Other method is abdominal ultrasonography and pelvic ultrasonography, which can identify the presence of external factors that cause the compression of the bladder.

• Urodynamics is another method for identifying the incontinence of the stress.

Apart from these diagnostic methods, a dairy has to be maintained by the candidate to count how many times one has to go to washroom for relief. It helps as an indicator of incontinence

Treatment for Male Urinary Incontinence in India

The urinary incontinence can be cured in different methods. The selection of the method and time needed for the treatment varies from one candidate to the other.

Behavioral Modification

Behavioral modification involves sufficient training for bladder and timed voiding. It gives the training for the intake of the fluid, before going to bed and before going to out for parties or car trip, etc. Such training helps avoiding the accidents, while sleeping or while being outside. Timed voiding also involves the training for emptying bladder in regular intervals. The behavioral modification is effective for the candidates suffering from the mechanical bladder compression and also an overflow incontinence.

Medications

Different medicine is given for different purposes. Certain medicine is given to relax the bladder and its surrounding muscles so that full emptying is allowed. It is done usually with alpha blockers. Some other medicine can be used for the reduction of the hormone levels so that the prostate enlargement of the prostate also can be reduced. The mechanical pressure over the bladder is reduced, easing the flow of the urine

Kegal Exercise

Kegal exercise is the strengthening of the floor muscles of the pelvic. The exercise can tighten the sphincter muscles and makes the outlet of the bladder to be closed, while performing strenuous activities. To perform this exercise, pull the pelvic muscle and continue to hold until, counting 3. Relax after counting 3. Repeat the same exercise for 3 sets and repeat 10 times. However, we should not overdo it. Kegal exercise is possible with biofeedback. It helps relieving from the stress incontinence.

Surgery

There are surgeries conducted for severe conditions of male urinary incontinence.

Artificial Sphineter:

Urinary leakage in the male candidates can be treated with the artificial sphineter. This device is an implanted device helps keeping the urethra be closed, until the candidate gets ready for urination. The artificial sphineter device is helpful for the urinary incontinence that is caused from nerve damage interfering the function of the sphincter muscle or weakened muscle function. If the inconsistency is because of the uncontrolled bladder contractions, it does not solve the problem.

Artificial sphineter surgery is performed with spinal or general anaesthesia. The device consists of three parts, a cuff, a small balloon and a pump. The cuff is fit around the urethra, the balloon acts as a reservoir, which is kept in the abdomen and the pump is kept in the scrotum. When the cuff is filled with the water, it is fit around the urethra tightly and prevents the leakage of the urine. Before the urination, the pump has to be squeezed with the finger so that the cuff is deflated and the liquid starts moving the balloon reservoir. Then the urine starts flowing the urethra. After the bladder is made empty, the cuff will be refilled in the following 2 to 5 minutes, automatically so that the urethra will again be tightly closed.

Urinary Diversion

Urinary diversion surgery is considered if the function of the bladder is lost because of the damage of the nerve or the bladder has to be removed. The surgery provides a urinary diversion. During the surgery, a reservoir is created after removing a small intestine piece and the ureter is directed to this reservoir. A stoma is also created as an opening for the lower abdomen so that the urine can be drained towards the bag through a catheter.

Male Sling

Male sling surgery procedure provides the support by wrapping a strip over the urethra. The ends of the strip are then attached to pelvic bone ends. The sling continues to keep the pressure over the urethra until the urine is released consciously by the candidate.